xZZ wd }f ᤿ }‰f ➮


ߞ fd }hfš i (1361¥) d ߞfd z 1332 ¥ }‰f ➮ ͜g
gZ /͍È y դ 1970 d fd z Üd xZ fd ؍¥ X交 XydZœ
Z }z / ¨Zd դ xZf gZ 缞 ͓ xZ fd 祷 yZd dzfz
ߞ xZ‹ ͱÚÍ ,ÆZ›d ,x, xg ߞ xZZ ݾ 㞬 xg
hf z d wZZ Zf zZ Z‹ ԙ y hf /͍È , ͍Z xZZ fd 礝 Ô ͛¼
/d wZZ j yZ d… fZdf 監 Zf ³ jd Z‹ ÿ
ygZ
}zÜ 睬gfd z ͋Zd Ú 㞬 瓣Z ժ fd y ½ gZ
㞬 xZ ܾ ݑz Ådz Zdfd y ½ gZ Ԉ ZzZ
y ឬ ÿ ͛¼ Z xñgˆZ 㞬 , ͎Zd }Z 䥱 պ È
yd \ ┮þ z d… xZ gZ 1980 v fd Ծ \Z }‰f ➮ /d…
/dfz }~f250000gZ Å
xg z xZfd Û Ѿ ö \Z 睬g fd }Z y ÷ պ }‰f ✣
þ v ÿ zh fd xZ wd gZ fZ500 \Z z 1981 fz fd xZ
/d¿ Z }f†d
ͪf xÜZZ Zf d‹ g z xz fz ÿ Û 1981 zh 20 gZ
➮ ͛Z } , ÆÍ ͚ Zd‹ }ýd z 緿d }ZZ z
z u ؞Z gZ ݕ› zZ z ͕ fZ ÿ xZfZ 便 df› f 㞬 }‰f
/d 癬g
͓ z d ấ ͍Z դ 獣Í 瞣 ,Ԟf zZ 1982 v fd
1985 œZhfd / ͛z դ fd xg v˱ 㞮ꣅ z d¿È Zf 眣g ̆Z 侱
zZ 1989 v fd vfz [Z xZZ ݾ 㞬 xg t f xZ
/ y xg Z Åd xZ
}dZf ՆfZ y ò xZ zZ 1987 v fd ժ }dZg ՆfZ ü gZ
xf yd þ [‹ ՆfZ ߞ NLA ឬ fd }Z y ÷ պ v6 ժ
/d¿ Z yÜ
 

y f âf
âf xZ Zf }‰f ➮ ✣ ,xZZ ͛z xf ,͛z }ZfŽ 1993 \zZ fd
/d [Z x ½ gZ vZ xZfzd }Z xZZ y f
z ͖z 監 d¿ Z 1993 fdNLA z 㞬 fd d‹ } gZ zZ J
Zf å xg xzZ f âf xZ /d kZ j Ú˱ Zf d‹ }hZ
/d… yd zzf ߞhšžZz , 瓣Z, 獣Í } z 䤜 保 ՚ ߞ
Zf ͛z xf gZ Ü /Z yd ̱ ͛z fd } xg zZ }f ͩ
yfZdZ xg ؍† ͛z 監 z Z Å ,獣Í }Ú˱ 㞮ꣅ z ydZd ü xg
/Û üZ xg Zf x x gZ }fñ z }dZg ՆfZ xgz w ߞ /dŽ
œ }ÛZ
}Z y }Z }Z yg ÛZ ,xg k³ ,Êzf z ÛZ xZz [Z Z
xZzf z azf ÿ gZ 玣 ÿ }g ͱZ† Z ᅣ ,Z† f ߞ /dZd
}f² fd ZZ ڛZ‰ x gZ }æ dZ / ❮ Zf xg y… ZZ
dZZ z 㞮 yd ó XyÙ fd f xþÛ 4 x dZ ܾ
ᩛ fd }z fZd Z 䥪 ÿ X䵍Zz xZZ gZ ䷛ fZ 㞮
/ Ԟf Š fd եZ
}Z y }Z ÛZ ܖz Zf wd‹ 癬g ½Û }Œf ➮ d‹ Ûg Z fd
Æ ߞ xZ wZ \Z Zz /wZ yd xZZ wd }Z
͍Z Ú˱ Z / yg xg }Z Z† z yd¤gz 瓣Zz ÆZd
ᤖ ,x ½gZ ///d 緖Zz }Zg iZ z zfd ՛Zf
/ò wåZ xd‹ wd xÛfd Zf Øz ‰ wZ Ԋ j ÌgZ
Z Ú˱ /Ýd j ䷛fd Zf z }fd iZ z d dZ \z 祱
/ ÊZ Zf xZZ wd }gfZz ͞ ͍Z
 

ÊZ
gfZ z 癰z zd Z ,xZZ z ͤ Zf }Z yz \† }‰f ✣
/͍Z 䥎Zd vz , ̾ Z j 䜣 x ,xZZ Ҟf
yd È 目 ÷fd xZZ ͛ xf z xZ ,zZ ͞Z ͩ
/Z 䥋Zd Ú Í› zfd xZZ ÇfZ ÊZ }Zz


\¼ v 15gZ Ԉ ,䥎 v 50 xZZ ͛ uf }œ ,Ð ,1994 xfd
͛z }ZfŽ 㥍È z }‰f ➮ \ z d t Zf xZZ x 繜
/͕


/ }‰f ➮ fZd Ý }d x« Üd Ü Z Å ѵ fd

}dZgf²


 

16f² }‰f ✣ ,95 zh16 fd x ¿fzd fd ZZ 15/000 }Z Z ߞfd
ݲ ͹ }z/͎Zd wZ Zf x ½gZ xZZfd 獣Z }dZg }Z yd
☣ }f†d Z }¾ åZ† 翜 x xz /͍Z ͛z X䘮 }zÜ }dZg
/͍Z 䥋Zd fZ ߞ Zf }dZg } ; /å
\,[ZZ ,\¤ ,yú z xÅ }dZg }Z ͛z 䛣 }‰f ✣ 䛣 Z fd
/d… Z‹ ͚zd Óz f÷ \Z ͹ z gfz ØƆ 獣Í
ØƆ }dZ z ,瓣Z ,獣Í rº fd xg ᛣ }Z zZ f² 6f© fd
ͱ ™ z Ḏ [Z }dZg ,x [Z z xd [Z }Z xg ݊ zZ /d¿
fd }dZg z ,r fd }z ݊ , [Z ݊ ,}f ͍f z \z 便gZ,祚zd
/dZdfZ ØƆ df› Zf i [Z
}Z }fZ 䞣 z ³ ü ,dZg fZg Zd xZZ fd d ØƆ }z 14 f©fd
/Z‹ ÿ dZ X䷍†
,Ѿ ۾ xZZ f ͍Í n ÆZd xZZ }‰f ➮ 䛣 Z ݤ
/d… Z‹ Z Å z }Z 亵 }f z 祱

Z d þ


X䷛ /͍Z x \ z Ѿ }Z 㞮f xZ gZ y fd Z Z d
wZZ 緿d f‘ ͱ z dfZd y } Ú˱ ߞ gZ Å Z Å
̖Z“ § ΐ X䛣 d ˱ Z 䌮 / 瞣z xz hf Z xd \¼
/d…Z‹ ý x
ߞ 侅 yZf /ý Z ߞ Zd xZ† 翜½Û }‰f
۾z ͍Z fZdf‹ x gZ xZZ ͛z ͍Z 癰z x ,Z /͍Z ܵ z xf wZ
} 粊z z yd ZfZ wZgZ Zf fd z xf ³ ߞ jd‹ wÈ /͍Z x
/͍Z yd 繜 Zf ̝ ifd x
՞ fd /͍Z ydg Zd x þ Z Å ñ ߞ }‰f ➮ wÈ Z
gZ xZf z ,f ,ñÛd ,xZfZÍ ,Z Å }ó gZ }æ dZ
Zd Zf Z Å }fò ߞ x 侅 罜½ z Z ͤ , z zfZ
͍Z ydg
xZZ ☣ ̝ x wZ x xg ߞ xZ ½Û }z
,d } }z ⱞfz fz xZ‹Z z [˜ Zf wd wZ w ͩ
gZ ͍d Z‹f¤ Íf Z‹Z gz / x z wZ xd 㞮
/ fZd wZ w

x [˜ }Z xg


fd xÜZZ 瞣d 㞮f 1996zh20 fd x yΈ 㚣 㞮f \f˜fZ
[˜ }Z xg xZ ͩ }‰f ➮ x oZ }Z d… ÿ z y xg
,x 㞣 :͹ } fZ25 oZ [ ͹ }z /d… y ڿ x
ⱞfz z ofZ fz z [˜ Zf xZZ xg yz z xZZ wd ,d w
d‹ 眣Z wŽ }Z z z d ;fZ wZ 絅f Ý ,gZd
z Z }Z z ͞ d ,}dZg d ,Ѿ d wZ / ydZ Y wZ w gZ
d z Ø ‹ Zd z ofZ fd ,͍Z 瞣f z Ϳf z ݲ d
/ dfZd I 眣 Ѿ z 眣Z }gfZ z ͍Z 缥 督Í z z

ժdZg ՆfZ xgf xÛ fd
ߞ fd ,Ͳg xZZ 煮 }g fd ժdZg ՆfZ xgf xÛ }‰f ➮ 祖z
d… ժdZg ՆfZ z ͛z ÿ :͹98 v fd x gZ15000 }Z fŽ Z
dZ ͍Z ͛z ÿ ꣊ z /ͪf ÿ wº Zf 監 g w
Zf 獣Í g w ,d‹ Z Å z Zd 䤜 保 \Zgf z 監 z 獣Í
\Ê f‘ ,ժdZg ՆfZ Z dzf ͛z Z /͍Z 䥪f ‹ wº

/ ç fd Zf x ˜ hf

?™ xZd

x xg ߞ ,Z† f ߞ ÆZd fµ ZfŽ :1991 v y }Z ͞Z
/ ͍Z yd [Z 保 gZ Å Z Zd 窍 xZ Zf

þZ f425
}zgf yd f‘ x y f âf z xZZ ͛z }ZfŽ gZ ͞
\ z ͓ Zf xZZ fd Z›d }fZ , Լ Zf xZZ wd
/ ߿ 亵 fd

:1995 zh8 ,瞣 f† ,f† \Zf
yz z ͛z }ZfŽ 㥋 ÿ gZ ͞ fd xZ y }Z
/ Z yd yú gZZ }‰f ✣
 

1994\zZ 26 , 㥽Zz , xZ 牮
yd 䤊 }dg ydZ r• xZf ,ff ߞ xZ v 30 q
}‰f ➮ zZ w /wZ yd ZÈ Zf 㞮 ydZ r• yꣅ 目 z /wZ
y [Z xZZ yf âf xZ xZZ y j ͛z ؍† z ͍Z
/͍Z yd Zžd Zf xZZ xg }‹ zZz /͍Z
Ë , ͤ ó xg k³ z xÜZZ }dZg yffd zZ ygZZ x
† df› ͍Z ó 䚣 ߞz xg Z dŽ zf dzg
xf xg }Z ÛZgZ ߞ 䅣 ͓ ͍Z }‰f ➮ Z ///dÙ fZ
}Z v Ófd /͍Z y ឬ Z yd… ⥍ ͩ \ xZZ vZÚz
/ dŽ ឬ x v z z xg ߞ , Ì ߞ
 ⾖ 㿨Z ͖z âf ,㿲 煣
 

:1994 œZh 21 ,㍮Z 䛣gzf
tfZZh ߞ /͍ 侚Z ͞ ߞ yf 㿎d }z /Z 䥱 ÛZ zZ wd ,xZZ wfd
}f xZ x X z 缞f þ Zf ygf xdz xfd ,x z xf
̪f âf }‰f ➮ xZZfd ÆZd \Zø }Z ÛZ œ 䵺 /
/ ,͍Z Ԟffd xZZ ͛z

:1995 if 8 , y y ,ÕZ É
➣ xZZ }dZg xZgfz }‰f ➮ w Zf wd‹ \ZZ wZ 䥍gzZ
➣ φ y z /➣ xg 保 }dfzd ͤ xg Z Å gzffdz
/dfZd vz }Å † xZZ
͚zdz }‰f ͜g / ø xfzdgZ xZZ /d Zª ø _fgZ xZZ
xfZ xZZfd Zf rº Z† z d… Z‹ }f fd 䱜Zfd j÷fd
/ fzÅ
 

:1997 âzh28 , y Xy 㛮Z }
Ҟf fd } X䩹 ,}‰f ➮ ✣ ,jZ y f âf z ͛z }ZfŽ
}‰f ✣ }f ͍f z ZfŽ Z ͍Z }fz Z /͍Z ydfz d‰z xZZ
/ dÙ fZ ͞ df› Z Å ѵ fd
 

:1995 ,Z31 ,}hz qz ,df½Ü wþz
k³ Z fd dfZd 礚 yd yú z ͍Z Æf ó ߞ }ZfZd zZ
Ý Z z , ΐ ÆZd ䷛ ߞ fd ,̝ xZ Z† wZ ½
/ dfZ d‰z ,眣Z }gfZ Z z Zd z wZ Å }d
 

:1996 5 ,Z 㼞d 䞮,䜣Ûfz f›Z 亅 yœ z ݺ ,ú }d
͍Z }Üd fd Z Ѿ z 㞮 뺜Z xZZ ͛z Xy f âf
zZ dŽ Z š Æf Z xZd xdZf Z† g
w ò ߞ ͎Z fZ x ͍Z Z›d ÿ 㞮 xg }dZg ͍Z
͍Z 㼿 }‰f ➮ Z ÆZ›d [뺜Z d ø Zf éñ Ҟf ñ
xZfzd z ,͍Z yd xfZd 䩞 礝 xZd Zf 瞣 }d
/ ឬ }zf Zf Zd
 

:x \f˜ fZ ,1996 zh 21 ,}žZ ߞfZ d
Ԙ Z ///Z yd φ x f xg100 z Zf zZ , z ͜Z } 䛣gzf
}z dfZ 缎 , ydZd Z j™ zZ x yd \ }‰f ✣
/ ͍Z yÍf 䤆 Z rº z Zd ó z }f ùØ
 

1997 âzh 12 ,}hz yœ z q±Õ ,x± fÜ
qz xg \z J뛣 ͍Z g Å ➮ 窞f óz y yË ͕µ
غ hz 獣Í xg ͍Z 䥋 zZ gZ 瞣f xZZ y ͍Í dÈfd /Ҟf
祍zZ Z Å zZ }dZg xZ‹Z z ó /ä zffd Zf x Z†
}‰f ➮ /dfZd 侏 }fœ } ygZZ wZ gZ xZZ x 祱fz ä ͍Z
zZ /dŽ 䱞 ꬜ x± z } ,㾼Ú wZ xŒ Zf Z†
}þ š }f x wZ zZ /͍Z uf 礝 ͱÛf ߞ
/ d ø Zf Ҟf Z† }‰f ➮ /͍Z 罜 xf ݺ zZ q /d چ
 

1996fz15 Z ,} X䥱 z yœ ,}zZZ vZzœ d
X保 fd uf xZZ z o xg gZ 瞣 ¿ , xg fd ,z fzd yZf Z
if y fd Zf gZ 缞 /fZd d‰z ,[ z v z [ z r ,Üd }f²
/͍Z x z ZZ g zZ /wd \ Ԟf fd 䥎
Xy f âf xZ 䥱Z† jZ Z }f z 䜣ü 뺓 \f zZ
xZZ fd w mº gZ vZ xZfzd ͛¼ 㥕 ͍d }Z xZZ ͛z
/ ͍Z }‰f ➮ zZ Z / f
 

:1996 zh 26 ,} f Ԟœ 䛣 ,xZ g•
ⱨ }‰f ➮ d‰z fd }zgf _zZ /͍Z gzÈ Յ뺜Z z y }Z ՞Z
gzÈ }dzg [뺜Z Z /Íf }gzÈ }dzg zZ }f w /
/ ͋ Z‹ x™d Zf Ҟf z Z‹
 

1996Þzh 8 f¥Z X䛣gzf ,dfZ f 䛣gzf z yœ [ њ
w f‘ z xZZ xg }Z d… 疣Û ,d xÅ Թ Z }‰f ➮ x
⼞ z ͱÅ x rÛ dfZd z d¿ ZfZ v¿ x xg }Z
ú z ͍Z yd… zZ ͞ zZ [Z wÍf ú dŽ yÛ
z Æ z } Ê gZ x xg ͍Z ̉Zz ͍Z 纲 zZ wd Ꮳ
/ ‰ Ɔ zZ jÙZ f´ z \f
 

:1994 zh 25 ,䱜Z ͛z դ fd xg Xy 㞮 䥱 ,tZZ š
xf² Zd fd Zf ygf /wZ 䥕 fZ ÇƆ ͩ Ë ,}‰f ✣
i~f fd xZ /åZ Zf g ͖z Ý ,å Zf ՆfZ ߞ ,d È
fZd ͍Z fZ Γ Z z Z 䥕 fZ xf² 獣Í Ú˱
ߞ /xd }Z z ygf 癬g }Z / ÝZ‹ gzÈ ˿ z
/ ydZ Ë \Å z fZ gZ 祱 }±Z xg z å ö X䞣
/wZ y ږZz }f ÇƆ ͩ /dg Zf y Z¥ ͍Z 祛z ț ͛z
Z‹ gzÈ J g 㥎Zd xZZ ͛z